Shlomo Yitzhaki
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| first: |
Shlomo |
| last: |
Yitzhaki |
Identifer
Contact
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972-50-623-5240 |
| postal address: |
Shlomo Yitzhaki Dept. of Economics Hebrew University Jerusalem 91905 Israel |
Research profile
author of:
- A Note on Optimal Taxation and Administrative Costs (RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:69:y:1979:i:3:p:475-80)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Stochastic Dominance, Mean Variance, and Gini's Mean Difference (RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:72:y:1982:i:1:p:178-85)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Welfare Dominance: An Application to Commodity Taxation (RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:81:y:1991:i:3:p:480-96)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Slemrod, Joel - Dalton-Improving Indirect Tax Reform (RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:85:y:1995:i:4:p:793-807)
by Mayshar, Joram & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - An Asset Allocation Puzzle: Comment (RePEc:aea:aecrev:v:93:y:2003:i:3:p:1002-1008)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Mean-Gini, Portfolio Theory and the Pricing of Risky Assets (RePEc:ags:huaewp:232569)
by Shalit, Haim & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Optimizing Storage Operations: An Integration of Stochastic Simulations and Numerical Optimization (RePEc:ags:huaewp:232612)
by Bigman, David & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - A Measure of Association Based on Gini's Mean Difference (RePEc:ags:huaewp:232621)
by Schechtman, Edna & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Evaluating the Mean-Gini Approach to Portfolio Selection (RePEc:ags:huaewp:232632)
by Shalit, Haim & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - On the Sensitivity of a Regression Coefficient to Monotonic Transformations (RePEc:ags:huaewp:232665)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Cost Benefit Analysis of Presumptive Taxation (RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper0631)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - Cost Benefit Analysis of Presumptive Taxation (RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper0714)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - A Potential Contradiction Between Economic Theory and Applied Finance (RePEc:bap:journl:160202)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - On Using Linear Regressions in Welfare Economics (RePEc:bes:jnlbes:v:14:y:1996:i:4:p:478-86)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Who Does Not Respond in the Household Expenditure Survey (RePEc:bes:jnlbes:v:26:y:2008:p:329-344)
by Schechtman, Edna & Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Artsev, Yevgeny - The Diffusion of Innovations: A Methodological Reappraisal (RePEc:bes:jnlbes:v:7:y:1989:i:1:p:35-47)
by Trajtenberg, Manuel & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Calculating Jackknife Variance Estimators for Parameters of the Gini Method (RePEc:bes:jnlbes:v:9:y:1991:i:2:p:235-39)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Capital Market Equilibrium: The Mean-Gini Approach (RePEc:bgu:wpaper:0522)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - How Does Beta Explain Stochastic Dominance Efficiency? (RePEc:bgu:wpaper:0813)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Mean-Gini, Portfolio Theory, and the Pricing of Risky Assets (RePEc:bla:jfinan:v:39:y:1984:i:5:p:1449-68)
by Shalit, Haim & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The Mean‐Gini Efficient Portfolio Frontier (RePEc:bla:jfnres:v:28:y:2005:i:1:p:59-75)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Income Stratification And Income Inequality (RePEc:bla:revinw:v:37:y:1991:i:3:p:313-329)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Robert I. Lerman - Decomposing World Income Distribution: Does The World Have A Middle Class? (RePEc:bla:revinw:v:48:y:2002:i:2:p:155-178)
by Branko Milanovic & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Growth And Convergence: A Social Welfare Framework (RePEc:bla:revinw:v:51:y:2005:i:3:p:443-454)
by Quentin Wodon & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Is There Room For Polarization? (RePEc:bla:revinw:v:56:y:2010:i:1:p:7-22)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - The “Make-up” of a Regression Coefficient: Gender Gaps in the European Labor Market (RePEc:bla:revinw:v:61:y:2015:i:3:p:401-421)
by M. Grazia Pittau & Shlomo Yitzhaki & Roberto Zelli - piecewise_ginireg - A Stata package to run piecewise Gini regressions (RePEc:boc:usug17:16)
by Jan Ditzen & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Testing Hypotheses About Absolute Concentration Curves And Marginal Conditional Stochastic Dominance (RePEc:cup:etheor:v:24:y:2008:i:04:p:1044-1062_08)
by Schechtman, Edna & Shelef, Amit & Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Zitikis, Ričardas - On the Sensitivity of a Regression Coefficient to Monotonic Transformations (RePEc:cup:etheor:v:6:y:1990:i:02:p:165-169_00)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Reasonable Sample Sizes for Convergence to Normality (RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp714)
by Carsten Schröder & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Revisiting the Evidence for a Cardinal Treatment of Ordinal Variables (RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp772)
by Carsten Schröder & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Inequality and the accounting period (RePEc:ebl:ecbull:eb-03d30005)
by Quentin Wodon & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Remittances and Inequality (RePEc:ecj:econjl:v:96:y:1986:i:383:p:722-40)
by Stark, Oded & Taylor, J Edward & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Migration, remittances and inequality : A sensitivity analysis using the extended Gini index (RePEc:eee:deveco:v:28:y:1988:i:3:p:309-322)
by Stark, Oded & Taylor, J. Edward & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Welfare dominance and the design of excise taxation in the Cote d'ivoire (RePEc:eee:deveco:v:33:y:1990:i:1:p:1-18)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Thirsk, Wayne - Migration, growth, distribution and welfare (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:10:y:1982:i:3-4:p:243-249)
by Stark, Oded & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Identifying monotonic and non-monotonic relationships (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:116:y:2012:i:1:p:23-25)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Schechtman, Edna - Accounting for variability in the growth rate of income (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:129:y:2015:i:c:p:71-73)
by Lambert, Peter J. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - A note on the calculation and interpretation of the Gini index (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:15:y:1984:i:3-4:p:363-368)
by Lerman, Robert I. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - On the proper bounds of the Gini correlation (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:63:y:1999:i:2:p:133-138)
by Schechtman, E. & Yitzhaki, S. - The effect of using grouped data on the estimation of the Gini income elasticity (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:78:y:2003:i:2:p:153-159)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Convergence forward and backward? (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:92:y:2006:i:1:p:47-51)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Improving the accuracy of estimates of Gini coefficients (RePEc:eee:econom:v:42:y:1989:i:1:p:43-47)
by Lerman, Robert I. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Economic distance and overlapping of distributions (RePEc:eee:econom:v:61:y:1994:i:1:p:147-159)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Relative deprivation and economic welfare (RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:17:y:1982:i:1:p:99-113)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Equity, equality and welfare (RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:39:y:1995:i:3-4:p:674-682)
by Lambert, Peter J. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The limitations of decentralized world redistribution: An optimal taxation approach (RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:49:y:2005:i:4:p:1051-1079)
by Kopczuk, Wojciech & Slemrod, Joel & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Revisiting the evidence for cardinal treatment of ordinal variables (RePEc:eee:eecrev:v:92:y:2017:i:c:p:337-358)
by Schröder, Carsten & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Income tax credits and exemptions (RePEc:eee:poleco:v:13:y:1997:i:2:p:343-351)
by Lambert, Peter J. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Do we need a separate poverty measurement? (RePEc:eee:poleco:v:18:y:2002:i:1:p:61-85)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Tax avoidance, evasion, and administration (RePEc:eee:pubchp:3-22)
by Slemrod, Joel & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - A tax programming model (RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:19:y:1982:i:1:p:107-120)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Income tax evasion: A theoretical analysis (RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:3:y:1974:i:2:p:201-202)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The optimal two-bracket linear income tax (RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:53:y:1994:i:2:p:269-290)
by Slemrod, Joel & Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Mayshar, Joram & Lundholm, Michael - Dalton-improving tax reform: When households differ in ability and needs (RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:62:y:1996:i:3:p:399-412)
by Mayshar, Joram & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The effects of the capital gains tax on the selling and switching of common stock (RePEc:eee:pubeco:v:9:y:1978:i:1:p:17-36)
by Feldstein, Martin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Ranking Individuals Versus Groups (RePEc:eme:reinzz:s1049-2585(03)10005-1)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Maggie Eisenstaedt - The Impact Of Public Transfers On Inequality And Social Welfare: Comparing Mexico’S Progresa (RePEc:eme:reinzz:s1049-2585(03)10007-5)
by Quentin Wodon & Benedicte de la Briere & Corinne Siaens & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Mobility, Inequality, And Horizontal Equity (RePEc:eme:reinzz:s1049-2585(04)12007-3)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Quentin Wodon - Poverty and Policy in Latin America and Caribeean (RePEc:fth:wobate:467)
by Woden, Q.T. & Ayres, W. & Barenstein, M. & Hicks, N. & Lee, K. & Maloney, W. & Peeters, P. & Siaens, C. & Yitzjaki, S. - On an Extension of the Gini Inequality Index (RePEc:ier:iecrev:v:24:y:1983:i:3:p:617-28)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The Costs of Taxation and the Marginal Cost of Funds (RePEc:imf:imfwpa:1995/083)
by Mr. Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Marginal Conditional Stochastic Dominance (RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:40:y:1994:i:5:p:670-684)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Using Analysis of Gini (ANoGi) for Detecting Whether Two Sub-Samples Represent the Same Universe: The SOEP Experience (RePEc:iza:izadps:dp1049)
by Frick, Joachim R. & Goebel, Jan & Schechtman, Edna & Wagner, Gert G. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Welfare Rankings of The Distribution of Earnings in Italy (RePEc:jid:journl:y:2012:v:21:i:2:p:38-76)
by Paolo Liberati & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Analyzing the standard deduction as a presumptive tax (RePEc:kap:itaxpf:v:1:y:1994:i:1:p:25-34)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Inequality and the time structure of earnings: evidence from Germany (RePEc:kap:jecinq:v:12:y:2014:i:3:p:393-409)
by Carsten Schröder & Yolanda Golan & Shlomo Yitzhaki - A Family of Correlation Coefficients Based on the Extended Gini Index (RePEc:kap:jecinq:v:1:y:2003:i:2:p:129-146)
by E. Schechtman & S. Yitzhaki - Inequality measurement and the time structure of household income in Israel (RePEc:kap:jecinq:v:4:y:2006:i:2:p:153-179)
by Yoel Finkel & Yevgeny Artsev & Shlomo Yitzhaki - The “melting pot”: A success story? (RePEc:kap:jecinq:v:7:y:2009:i:2:p:137-151)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Edna Schechtman - Exploring the robustness of country rankings by educational attainment (RePEc:kap:jeczfn:v:129:y:2020:i:3:d:10.1007_s00712-019-00682-8)
by Carsten Schroeder & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Estimating Beta (RePEc:kap:rqfnac:v:18:y:2002:i:2:p:95-118)
by Shalit, Haim & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - How does beta explain stochastic dominance efficiency? (RePEc:kap:rqfnac:v:35:y:2010:i:4:p:431-444)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Is higher variance necessarily bad for investment? (RePEc:kap:rqfnac:v:43:y:2014:i:4:p:855-860)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Peter Lambert - Cost-Benefit Analysis of Presumptive Taxation (RePEc:mhr:finarc:urn:sici:0015-2218(200709)63:3_311:caopt_2.0.tx_2-5)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Inconsistency Between Measurement and Policy Instruments in Family Income Taxation (RePEc:mhr:finarc:urn:sici:0015-2218(201309)69:3_241:tibmap_2.0.tx_2-c)
by Peter J. Lambert & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Gini’s Mean difference: a superior measure of variability for non-normal distributions (RePEc:mtn:ancoec:030208)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Gini Instrumental Variable, or the “double instrumental variable” estimator (RePEc:mtn:ancoec:040301)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Edna Schechtman - Gini’s multiple regressions: two approaches and their interaction (RePEc:mtn:ancoec:110104)
by Edna Schechtman & Shlomo Yitzhaki & Taina Pudalov - The properties of the extended Gini measures of variability and inequality (RePEc:mtn:ancoec:si7)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Edna Schechtman - The Effects of Taxation on the Selling of Corporate Stock and the Realization of Capital Gains (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0250)
by Martin Feldstein & Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Are High Income Individuals Better Stock Market Investors? (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:0948)
by Martin Feldstein & Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Diffusion of Innovations: A Methodological Reappraisal (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:1008)
by Manuel Trajtenberg & Shlomo Yitzhaki - On Choosing a Flat-Rate Income Tax Schedule (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:1028)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Optimal Size of a Tax Collection Agency (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:1759)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Welfare Dominance: An Application to Commodity Taxation (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:2451)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Joel Slemrod - The Optimal Two-Bracket Linear Income Tax (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:3847)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki & Joram Mayshar - Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7473)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - A Public Finance Approach to Assessing Poverty Alleviation (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8062)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - Integrating Expenditure and Tax Decisions: The Marginal Cost of Funds and the Marginal Benefit of Projects (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8196)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Why World Redistribution Fails (RePEc:nbr:nberwo:9186)
by Wojciech Kopczuk & Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Changing Ranks and the Inequality Impacts of Taxes and Transfers (RePEc:ntj:journl:v:48:y:1995:i:1:p:45-59)
by Lerman, Robert I. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Integrating Expenditure and Tax Decisions: The Marginal Cost of Funds and the Marginal Benefit of Projects (RePEc:ntj:journl:v:54:y:2001:i:2:p:189-202)
by Slemrod, Joel & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Distributional Consequences of Government Projects (RePEc:ntj:journl:v:56:y:2003:i:2:p:319-36)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Unemployment and Wage Rigidity: The Demand Side (RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:35:y:1983:i:2:p:202-12)
by Plessner, Yakir & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - On the Effect of Subsidies to Basic Food Commodities in Egypt (RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:42:y:1990:i:4:p:772-92)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - The Relation between Return and Income (RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:102:y:1987:i:1:p:77-95.)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient (RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:93:y:1979:i:2:p:321-324.)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Effects of Taxation on the Selling of Corporate Stock and the Realization of Capital Gains (RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:94:y:1980:i:4:p:777-791.)
by Martin Feldstein & Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient: Reply (RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:95:y:1980:i:3:p:575-576.)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - The Effects of Taxation on the Selling of Corporate Stock and the Realization of Capital Gains: Reply (RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:99:y:1984:i:1:p:111-120.)
by Martin Feldstein & Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Guidelines on Searching for a Dalton-Improving Tax Reform: An Illustration with Data from Indonesia (RePEc:oup:wbecrv:v:10:y:1996:i:3:p:541-62)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Lewis, Jeffrey D - The Costs of Taxation and the Marginal Efficiency Cost of Funds (RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:43:y:1996:i:1:p:172-198)
by Joel Slemrod & Shlomo Yitzhaki - On the Shadow Price of a Tax Inspector (RePEc:pfi:pubfin:v:44:y:1989:i:3:p:492-505)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Vakneen, Yitzhak - Desigualdad y bienestar social
[Inequality and Social Welfare] (RePEc:pra:mprapa:10487)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Inégalité et bien-être social
[Inequality and Social Welfare] (RePEc:pra:mprapa:10488)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Неравенство И Общественное Благосостояние
[Inequality and Social Welfare] (RePEc:pra:mprapa:10489)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Inequality and Social Welfare (RePEc:pra:mprapa:12298)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Labour Migration as a Response to Relative Deprivation (RePEc:pra:mprapa:21670)
by Stark, Oded & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - GDP and beyond: an implementation of welfare considerations to the distribution of earnings in Italy (RePEc:rtr:wpaper:0146)
by Paolo Liberati & Shlomo Yitzhaki - On Two Proposals to Promote Saving (RePEc:sae:pubfin:v:11:y:1983:i:3:p:299-319)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - On the Excess Burden of Tax Evasion (RePEc:sae:pubfin:v:15:y:1987:i:2:p:123-137)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - Effect of Marginal Changes in Income Sources On U.S. Income Inequality (RePEc:sae:pubfin:v:22:y:1994:i:4:p:403-417)
by Robert I. Lerman & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Evaluating the Impact of Government Programs on Social Welfare: The Role of Targeting and the Allocation Rules Among Program Beneficiaries (RePEc:sae:pubfin:v:30:y:2002:i:2:p:102-123)
by Quentin Wodon & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Using Analysis of Gini (ANOGI) for Detecting Whether Two Subsamples Represent the Same Universe (RePEc:sae:somere:v:34:y:2006:i:4:p:427-468)
by Joachim R. Frick & Jan Goebel & Edna Schechtman & Gert G. Wagner & Shlomo Yitzhaki - The make-up of a regression coefficient: An application to gender (RePEc:sas:wpaper:20113)
by M. Grazia Pittau & Shlomo Yitzhaki & Roberto Zelli - The make-up of a regression coefficient: gender gaps in the European labor market (RePEc:sas:wpaper:20134)
by M. Grazia Pittau & Shlomo Yitzhaki & Roberto Zelli - Inequality in Multidimensional Indicators of Well-Being: Methodology and Application to the Human Development Index (RePEc:spr:esichp:978-0-387-72796-7_17)
by Quentin Wodon & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Merging populations, stochastic dominance and Lorenz curves (RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:1:y:1988:i:2:d:10.1007_bf00163888)
by O. Stark & S. Yitzhaki - The relationship between the absolute deviation from a quantile and Gini’s mean difference (RePEc:spr:metron:v:71:y:2013:i:2:p:97-104)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki & Peter Lambert - Gini’s mean difference offers a response to Leamer’s critique (RePEc:spr:metron:v:73:y:2015:i:1:p:31-43)
by Shlomo Yitzhaki - Capital market equilibrium with heterogeneous investors (RePEc:taf:quantf:v:9:y:2009:i:6:p:757-766)
by Haim Shalit & Shlomo Yitzhaki - An Empirical Test of the Lock-in Effect of the Capital Gains Tax (RePEc:tpr:restat:v:61:y:1979:i:4:p:626-29)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Income Inequality Effects by Income (RePEc:tpr:restat:v:67:y:1985:i:1:p:151-56)
by Lerman, Robert I & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Mexico's PROGRESA : Innovative Targeting, Gender Focus and Impact on Social Welfare (RePEc:wbk:wboper:10396)
by Quentin Wodon & Benedicte de la Briere & Corinne Siaens & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Decomposing world income distribution : does the world have a middle class ? (RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:2562)
by Milanovic, Branko & Shlomo Yitzhaki - May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction ? (RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:4921)
by Wodon, Quentin & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Welfare dominance and the design of excise taxation in Cote d'Ivoire (RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:75)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Thirsk, Wayne - The shadow price of a tax inspector (RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:76)
by Yitzhaki, Shlomo & Vakneen, Yitzhak - Income Tax Credits and Income Tax Exemptions (RePEc:yor:yorken:95/13)
by Peter Lambert & Shlomo Yitzhaki - Inequality and the time structure of earnings: Evidence from Germany (RePEc:zbw:espost:118700)
by Schröder, Carsten & Golan, Yolanda & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Using Analysis of Gini (ANOGI) for Detecting Whether Two Subsamples Represent the Same Universe: The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) Experience (RePEc:zbw:espost:144557)
by Frick, Joachim R. & Goebel, Jan & Schechtman, Edna & Wagner, Gert G. & Yitzhaki, Shlomo - Relative Deprivation and Migration (RePEc:zbw:espost:250003)
by Stark, Oded & Yitzhaki, Shlomo