Richard Ian Harris

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Affiliations

• Durham University / Business School
  • EDIRC entry
  • location:

Research profile

author of:

• Bargaining Levels and Relative Earnings in Northern Ireland in 1987 (RePEc:bla:brjirl:v:28:y:1990:i:3:p:397-409)
  by Richard I. D. Harris
• Trade Union Recognition and Employment Contraction. Britain, 1980–1984 (RePEc:bla:brjirl:v:29:y:1991:i:1:p:49-58)
  by P. B. Beaumont & R. I. D. Harris
• Internal Wage Structures and Organizational Performance (RePEc:bla:brjirl:v:41:y:2003:i:1:p:53-70)
  by P. B. Beaumont & R. I. D. Harris
• The Effects of Absorptive Capacity on Innovation Performance: A Cross‐country Perspective (RePEc:bla:jcmkts:v:59:y:2021:i:3:p:589-607)
  by Richard Harris & Astrid Krenz & John Moffat
• Models Of Regional Growth: Past, Present And Future (RePEc:bla:jecsur:v:25:y:2011:i:5:p:913-951)
  by Richard Harris
• The Measurement Of Absorptive Capacity From An Economics Perspective: Definition, Measurement And Importance (RePEc:bla:jecsur:v:33:y:2019:i:3:p:729-756)
  by Richard Harris & Ji Yan
• Capital Subsidies and their Impact on Total Factor Productivity: Firm‐Level Evidence from Northern Ireland (RePEc:bla:jregsc:v:45:y:2005:i:1:p:49-74)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• Is Productivity Higher In British Cities? (RePEc:bla:jregsc:v:52:y:2012:i:5:p:762-786)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• The Impact Of Higher Education Institution–Firm Knowledge Links On Establishment-Level Productivity In British Regions (RePEc:bla:manchs:v:81:y:2013:i:2:p:143-162)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li & John Moffat
• Estimates of Inter-Regional Differences in Production in the United Kingdom, 1968-78 (RePEc:bla:obuest:v:44:y:1982:i:3:p:241-59)
  by Harris, R I D
• The North-South Divide in Britain: The Case of Trade Union Recognition (RePEc:bla:obuest:v:51:y:1989:i:4:p:413-28)
  by Beaumont, P B & Harris, R I D
• Small Sample Testing for Unit Roots (RePEc:bla:obuest:v:54:y:1992:i:4:p:615-25)
  by Harris, R I D
• Productivity Growth in the UK Regions, 1968-91 (RePEc:bla:obuest:v:59:y:1997:i:4:p:485-509)
  by Harris, Richard I D & Trainor, Mary
• UK Plant and Machinery Capital Stocks and Plant Closures (RePEc:bla:obuest:v:62:y:2000:i:2:p:243-265)
  by R. I. D. Harris & Stephen Drinkwater
• Estimates of Rates of Return on Capital Employed for U.K. Regions, 1968-1978 (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:29:y:1982:i:3:p:298-309)
  by Harris, Richard I D
• Specification of Factor Demand Models and Shiftworking-An Extension to the CES Case (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:30:y:1983:i:2:p:170-74)
  by Harris, R I D
• Market Structure and External Control in the Regional Economies of Great Britain (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:35:y:1988:i:4:p:334-60)
  by Harris, Richard I D
• Measuring Efficiency in Northern Ireland Manufacturing Using a Frontier Production Function Approach (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:38:y:1991:i:4:p:386-97)
  by Harris, Richard I D
• The 'North-South' Divide in Trade Union Recognition in Britain: Still Holding Up? (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:42:y:1995:i:1:p:53-65)
  by Beaumont, P B & Harris, R I D
• Manufacturing Industries in the UK: Was there Convergence during the 1968–1992 Period? (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:46:y:1999:i:5:p:552-569)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• Rates of Return on Plant and Machinery in the Regions of the UK, 1968‐1991 (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:47:y:2000:i:3:p:304-324)
  by Richard I.D. Harris & Barry P. Andrew
• Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom—Some Issues When Using the ARD Establishment Level Data (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:49:y:2002:i:3:p:318-335)
  by Richard Harris
• Industrial Policy In Great Britain And Its Effect On Total Factor Productivity In Manufacturing Plants, 1990–1998 (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:51:y:2004:i:4:p:528-543)
  by Richard Harris & Catherine Robinson
• Economics Of The Workplace: Special Issue Editorial (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:52:y:2005:i:3:p:323-343)
  by Richard Harris
• Plant‐Level Analysis Using The Ard: Another Look At Gibrat'S Law (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:52:y:2005:i:3:p:492-518)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• The Impact Of Foreign Ownership And Efficiency On Pollution Abatement Expenditure By Chemical Plants: Some Uk Evidence (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:52:y:2005:i:5:p:747-768)
  by Alan Collins & Richard I. D. Harris
• Export‐Market Dynamics And The Probability Of Firm Closure: Evidence For The United Kingdom (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:57:y:2010:i:2:p:145-168)
  by Richard I. D. Harris & Qian Cher Li
• The impact of product subsidies on plant‐level total factor productivity in Britain, 1997–2014 (RePEc:bla:scotjp:v:67:y:2020:i:4:p:387-403)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Evaluating the Contribution of Exporting to UK Productivity Growth: Some Microeconomic Evidence (RePEc:bla:worlde:v:31:y:2008:i:2:p:212-235)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li
• The Direct Contribution of FDI to Productivity Growth in Britain, 1997–2008 (RePEc:bla:worlde:v:36:y:2013:i:6:p:713-736)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• The Impact of Exporting and Importing Goods and Services on Productivity in the UK (RePEc:bla:worlde:v:38:y:2015:i:11:p:1781-1794)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Models of Regional Growth: Past, Present and Future (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0002)
  by Richard Harris
• Spillover and Backward Linkage Effects of FDI: Empirical Evidence for the UK (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0016)
  by Richard Harris
• In Search of W (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0017)
  by Richard Harris & Victoria Kravtsova
• Why Do Some Firms Undertake R&D Whereas Others Do Not? (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0020)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• Plant-level Determinants of Total Factor Productivity in Great Britain, 1997-2006 (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0064)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• R&D, Innovation and Exporting (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0073)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Total Factor Productivity Growth in Local Economic Partnership Regions in Britain, 1997-2008 (RePEc:cep:sercdp:0112)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Political Connections, State Ownership and Productivity in China (RePEc:ces:ceswps:_6236)
  by Richard Harris & Nigar Hashimzade & Sai Ding
• Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom (RePEc:cup:nierev:v:187:y:2004:i::p:58-75_6)
  by Harris, Richard & Robinson, Catherine
• The Decline of British Manufacturing, 1973–2012: The Role of Total Factor Productivity (RePEc:cup:nierev:v:247:y:2019:i::p:r19-r31_12)
  by Harris, Richard & Moffat, John
• Government Assistance and Total Factor Productivity: Firm-level Evidence from China, 1998-2007 (RePEc:dur:cegapw:2016_04)
  by Richard Harris & Shengyu Li
• Testing for asymmetry in Okun's law: A cross-country comparison (RePEc:ebl:ecbull:eb-01e00001)
  by Brian Silverstone & Richard Harris
• Productivity Spillovers to Domestic Plants from Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from UK Manufacturing, 1974-1995 (RePEc:ecj:ac2002:96)
  by Harris, Richard & Catherine Robinson
• Interrelated Demand for Factors of Production in the U.K. Engineering Industry, 1968-81 (RePEc:ecj:econjl:v:95:y:1985:i:380:p:1049-68)
  by Harris, R I D
• Export-market dynamics and the probability of firm closure: Evidence for the UK (RePEc:edn:sirdps:41)
  by Harris, Richard I.D. & Li, Qian Cher
• Plant closure in Britain since the Great Recession (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:140:y:2016:i:c:p:27-30)
  by Harris, Richard & Moffat, John
• Gender pay and productivity in UK universities: Evidence from research-intensive Business Schools (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:218:y:2022:i:c:s0165176522002579)
  by Harris, Richard & Maté-Sánchez-Val, Mariluz
• Testing for unit roots using the augmented Dickey-Fuller test : Some issues relating to the size, power and the lag structure of the test (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:38:y:1992:i:4:p:381-386)
  by Harris, R. I. D.
• Small sample testing for cointegration using the bootstrap approach (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:58:y:1998:i:1:p:31-37)
  by Harris, R. I. D. & Judge, G.
• The impact of ownership changes and age effects on plant exits in UK manufacturing, 1974-1995 (RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:75:y:2002:i:3:p:309-317)
  by Harris, R. I. D. & Hassaszadeh, P.
• The paradox of geographical proximity for innovators: A regional study of the Spanish agri-food sector (RePEc:eee:lauspo:v:73:y:2018:i:c:p:458-467)
  by Maté-Sánchez-Val, Mariluz & Harris, Richard
• Is a higher rate of R&D tax credit a panacea for low levels of R&D in disadvantaged regions? (RePEc:eee:respol:v:38:y:2009:i:1:p:192-205)
  by Harris, Richard & Li, Qian Cher & Trainor, Mary
• Differential empirical innovation factors for Spain and the UK (RePEc:eee:respol:v:43:y:2014:i:2:p:451-463)
  by Mate-Sanchez-Val, Mariluz & Harris, Richard
• Manufacturing and corporate environmental responsibility: cost implications of voluntary waste minimisation (RePEc:eee:streco:v:16:y:2005:i:3:p:347-373)
  by Chapple, Wendy & Paul, Catherine J. Morrison & Harris, Richard
• Models of regional growth: past, present and future (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33146)
  by Harris, Richard
• Spillover and backward linkage effects of FDI: empirical evidence for the UK (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33206)
  by Harris, Richard
• In search of 'W' (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33208)
  by Harris, Richard & Kravtsova, Victoria
• Why do some firms undertake R&D whereas others do not? (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33212)
  by Harris, Richard & Trainor, Mary
• Plant-level determinants of total factor productivity in Great Britain, 1997-2006 (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33561)
  by Harris, Richard & Moffat, John
• R&D, innovation and exporting (RePEc:ehl:lserod:33593)
  by Harris, Richard & Moffat, John
• Total factor productivity growth in local economic partnership regions in Britain, 1997-2008 (RePEc:ehl:lserod:59249)
  by Harris, Richard & Moffat, John
• Learning-by-Exporting? Firm-Level Evidence for UK Manufacturing and Services Sectors (RePEc:ekd:000238:23800080)
  by Cher LI & Richard HARRIS
• Exporting, R&D and Absorptive Capacity in UK Establishments: Evidence from the 2001 Community Innovation Survey (RePEc:ekd:002721:272100051)
  by Qian Li & Richard Harris
• Regional competitiveness and economic growth: the evolution of explanatory models (RePEc:elg:eechap:15784_4)
  by Richard Harris
• Does Plant Ownership Affect the level of Pollution Abatement Expenditure? (RePEc:fth:portec:138)
  by Collins, A. & Harris, R.I.D.
• The Long Run Determinants of Wages, in the New Zealand Labour Market, 1965-1991 (RePEc:fth:portec:44)
  by Harris, R.I.D.
• Trade Liberalisation and Plant Exit in New Zealand Manufacturing (RePEc:fth:portec:66)
  by Gibson,J.K. & Harris,R.I.D.
• The Productivity Impact of Skills in English Manufacturing, 2001: Evidence from Plant-Level Matched Data (RePEc:gla:glaewp:2006_16)
  by R Harris & Q Li & C Robinson
• Exporting, R&D and Absorptive Capacity in UK Establishments: Evidence from the 2001 Community Innovation Survey (RePEc:gla:glaewp:2006_19)
  by R Harris & Q Li
• Learning-by-Exporting? Firm-Level Evidence for UK Manufacturing and Services Sectors (RePEc:gla:glaewp:2007_22)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li
• Export-market dynamics and the probability of firm closure: Evidence for the UK (RePEc:gla:glaewp:2008_17)
  by Richard I.D. Harris & Qian Cher Li
• Key determinants of organisational and technological innovation in UK SMEs: an empirical study (RePEc:ids:ijeima:v:8:y:2008:i:1:p:1-14)
  by Rodney McAdam & Renee Reid & Richard Harris & Neil Mitchell
• The cost implications of waste reduction: factor demand, competitiveness and policy implications (RePEc:kap:jproda:v:26:y:2006:i:3:p:245-258)
  by Wendy Chapple & Richard Harris & Catherine Paul
• Plant-level determinants of total factor productivity in Great Britain, 1997–2008 (RePEc:kap:jproda:v:44:y:2015:i:1:p:1-20)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• The determinants of productivity in Chinese large and medium-sized industrial firms, 1998–2007 (RePEc:kap:jproda:v:45:y:2016:i:2:d:10.1007_s11123-015-0460-0)
  by Sai Ding & Alessandra Guariglia & Richard Harris
• The determinants of productivity in Chinese large and medium-sized industrial firms, 1998–2007 (RePEc:kap:jproda:v:45:y:2016:i:2:p:131-155)
  by Sai Ding & Alessandra Guariglia & Richard Harris
• Government assistance and total factor productivity: firm-level evidence from China (RePEc:kap:jproda:v:52:y:2019:i:1:d:10.1007_s11123-019-00559-4)
  by Richard Harris & Shengyu Li
• Foreign Ownership and Productivity in the United Kingdom Estimates for U.K. Manufacturing Using the ARD (RePEc:kap:revind:v:22:y:2003:i:3:p:207-223)
  by Richard Harris & Catherine Robinson
• Absorptive capacity in New Zealand firms: Measurement and importance (RePEc:mtu:wpaper:18_01)
  by Richard Harris & Trinh Le
• Export-market dynamics and firm-level productivity: evidence for UK tradable sectors (RePEc:oup:indcch:v:21:y:2012:i:3:p:649-670)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li
• Verdoorn's Law and Increasing Returns to Scale in the UK Regions, 1968-91: Some New Estimates Based on the Cointegration Approach (RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:50:y:1998:i:2:p:201-19)
  by Harris, Richard I D & Lau, Eunice
• Exporting, R&D, and absorptive capacity in UK establishments (RePEc:oup:oxecpp:v:61:y:2009:i:1:p:74-103)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li
• Absorptive capacity in New Zealand firms: Measurement and importance (RePEc:oup:scippl:v:46:y:2019:i:2:p:290-309.)
  by Richard Harris & Trinh Le
• Trend-Through-Peaks Methods of Estimating Capacity Utilisation (RePEc:pal:palchp:978-1-349-08649-8_2)
  by Richard Harris & Jim Taylor
• Union De-Recognition and Declining Union Density in Britain (RePEc:sae:ilrrev:v:48:y:1995:i:3:p:389-402)
  by Phillip B. Beaumont & Richard I. D. Harris
• Urban and Regional Economics (RePEc:sae:loceco:v:18:y:2003:i:3:p:274-275)
  by Richard Harris
• The Covid-19 crisis and manufacturing: How should national and local industrial strategies respond? (RePEc:sae:loceco:v:35:y:2020:i:4:p:403-415)
  by JL Harris & P Sunley & E Evenhuis & R Martin & A Pike & R Harris
• Industrial policies, strategy and the UK’s Levelling Up agenda (RePEc:sae:loceco:v:37:y:2022:i:5:p:403-418)
  by Peter Sunley & Jack L Harris & Andy Pike & Richard Harris & Ron Martin & Emil Evenhuis
• Productivity Impacts and Spillovers from Foreign Ownership in the United Kingdom (RePEc:sae:niesru:v:187:y:2004:i:1:p:58-75)
  by Richard Harris & Catherine Robinson
• Impact of COVID-19 on Research in Durham University Business School (RePEc:sae:sagope:v:13:y:2023:i:2:p:21582440231181314)
  by Richard Harris
• The Impact of the University of Portsmouth on the Local Economy (RePEc:sae:urbstu:v:34:y:1997:i:4:p:605-626)
  by Richard I. D. Harris
• The Impact of Higher Education Institution-Firm Knowledge Links on Firm-level Productivity in Britain (RePEc:str:wpaper:1017)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li & john.moffat@strath.ac.uk John
• The impact of higher education institution-firm knowledge links on establishment-level productivity in British regions (RePEc:str:wpaper:1018)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li & John Moffat
• The impact of higher education institution-firm knowledge links on firm-level productivity in Britain (RePEc:taf:apeclt:v:18:y:2011:i:13:p:1243-1246)
  by R. Harris & Q. C. Li & J. Moffat
• Exports and firm survival: do trade regime and productivity matter? (RePEc:taf:apeclt:v:23:y:2016:i:6:p:457-460)
  by Meihong Dai & Richard Harris & Yuduo Lu & Haiyang Liu
• The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the level and distribution of intangibles investment in the UK (RePEc:taf:apeclt:v:29:y:2022:i:13:p:1238-1242)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Verdoorn's law and increasing returns to scale: country estimates based on the cointegration approach (RePEc:taf:apeclt:v:6:y:1999:i:1:p:29-33)
  by R. I. D. Harris & A. Liu
• Manufacturing industries in Northern Ireland and Great Britain: was there convergence during the 1949-92 period? (RePEc:taf:applec:v:31:y:1999:i:12:p:1573-1580)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• The determinants of work-related training in Britain in 1995 and the implications of employer size (RePEc:taf:applec:v:31:y:1999:i:4:p:451-463)
  by Richard Harris
• Participation in export markets and the role of R&D: establishment-level evidence from the UK Community Innovation Survey 2005 (RePEc:taf:applec:v:43:y:2011:i:23:p:3007-3020)
  by Richard Harris & Qian Cher Li
• Does support from government help firms survive? Evidence on financial and political assistance in China, 1998–2007 (RePEc:taf:applec:v:51:y:2019:i:5:p:528-541)
  by Tong Qu & Richard Harris
• A matching analysis of why some firms in peripheral regions undertake R&D whereas others do not (RePEc:taf:ecinnt:v:20:y:2011:i:4:p:367-385)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• The Determinants of Firm Exit from Exporting: Evidence for the UK (RePEc:taf:ijecbs:v:18:y:2011:i:3:p:381-397)
  by Richard I. Harris & Qian Cher Li
• The importance of frontier firms in total factor productivity in New Zealand, 2001–2016 (RePEc:taf:nzecpp:v:54:y:2020:i:3:p:285-311)
  by R. I. D. Harris
• UK Regional Plant and Machinery Capital Stocks and Premature Scrapping (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:31:y:1997:i:8:p:737-750)
  by Richard Harris
• Input-Output Modelling of the Urban and Regional Economy: The Importance of External Trade (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:32:y:1998:i:9:p:851-862)
  by Richard Harris & Aying Liu
• Comparing Regional Technical Efficiency in UK Manufacturing Plants: The Case of Northern Ireland 1974-1995 (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:35:y:2001:i:6:p:519-534)
  by Richard Harris
• Impact of Regional Selective Assistance on sources of productivity growth: Plant-level evidence from UK manufacturing, 1990-98 (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:39:y:2005:i:6:p:751-765)
  by Richard Harris & Catherine Robinson
• Impact of Government Intervention on Employment Change and Plant Closure in Northern Ireland, 1983-97 (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:41:y:2007:i:1:p:51-63)
  by Richard Harris & Mary Trainor
• Editorial: Regional Studies : 40 Years and More … (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:41:y:2007:i:sup1:p:s1-s8)
  by Andy Pike & Gillian Bristow & Mike Coombes & Cindy Fan & Andy Gillespie & Richard Harris & Angela Hull & Neill Marshall & Colin Wren
• Final Editorial for the Newcastle Editorial Team (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:42:y:2008:i:10:p:1291-1294)
  by Andy Pike & Mike Coombes & Gillian Bristow & Cindy Fan & Andy Gillespie & Richard Harris & Angela Hull & Neill Marshall & Colin Wren
• Total Factor Productivity Growth in Local Enterprise Partnership Regions in Britain, 1997-2008 (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:49:y:2015:i:6:p:1019-1041)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• The Effect of Business Improvement Methods on Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Peripheral Regions (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:50:y:2016:i:12:p:2040-2054)
  by Richard Harris & Rodney McAdam & Renee Reid
• The sources of the Scotland–Rest of the UK productivity gap: implications for policy (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:51:y:2017:i:9:p:1297-1311)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• The importance of spatial differences in total factor productivity: New Zealand, 2001–16 (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:55:y:2021:i:7:p:1209-1227)
  by R. I. D. Harris
• The geographical dimension of productivity in Great Britain, 2011–18: the sources of the London productivity advantage (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:56:y:2022:i:10:p:1713-1728)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• Renewing industrial regions? Advanced manufacturing and industrial policy in Britain (RePEc:taf:regstd:v:57:y:2023:i:6:p:1126-1140)
  by Peter Sunley & Emil Evenhuis & Jack Harris & Richard Harris & Ron Martin & Andy Pike
• Intangible assets, absorbing knowledge and its impact on firm performance: theory, measurement and policy implications (RePEc:taf:rsocxx:v:8:y:2013:i:3:p:346-361)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat
• In Search of ‘ W ’ (RePEc:taf:specan:v:6:y:2011:i:3:p:249-270)
  by Richard Harris & John Moffat & Victoria Kravtsova
• Trade Liberalisation and Plant Exit in New Zealand Manufacturing (RePEc:tpr:restat:v:78:y:1996:i:3:p:521-29)
  by Gibson, John K & Harris, Richard I D
• Note (RePEc:tpr:restat:v:84:y:2002:i:3:p:562-568)
  by Richard Harris & Catherine Robinson
• Assessing the Impact of Management Buyouts on Economic Efficiency: Plant-Level Evidence from the United Kingdom (RePEc:tpr:restat:v:87:y:2005:i:1:p:148-153)
  by Richard Harris & Donald S. Siegel & Mike Wright
• Does Plant Ownership Affect the Level of Pollution Abatement Expenditure? (RePEc:uwp:landec:v:78:y:2002:i:2:p:171-189)
  by Alan Collins & Richard I. D. Harris
• Asymmetric Adjustment of Unemployment and Output in New Zealand: Rediscovering Okun's Law (RePEc:wai:econwp:00/02)
  by Richard Harris & Brian Silverstone
• Downsizing and productivity: The case of UK motor vehicle manufacturing 1974-1994 (RePEc:wly:mgtdec:v:20:y:1999:i:5:p:281-290)
  by Alan Collins & Richard I.D. Harris
• A Comparative Analysis Of Innovation Strategy And Implementation In The U.K.: The Effects Of Peripherality (RePEc:wsi:ijimxx:v:09:y:2005:i:04:n:s1363919605001332)
  by Richard I. D. Harris & Rodney Mcadam & Renee S. Reid