Mark Schaffer

Names

Identifer

Contact

Affiliations

• Heriot-Watt University / Edinburgh Business School (weight: 75%)
  • EDIRC entry
  • location:
• Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (weight: 25%)
  • EDIRC entry
  • location:

Research profile

author of:

• lassopack: Model selection and prediction with regularized regression in Stata
  Papers, arXiv.org (2019)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, arx:papers:1901.05397)
• pystacked: Stacking generalization and machine learning in Stata
  Papers, arXiv.org (2022)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, arx:papers:2208.10896)
• ddml: Double/debiased machine learning in Stata
  Papers, arXiv.org (2023)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann
  (ReDIF-paper, arx:papers:2301.09397)
• Model Averaging and Double Machine Learning
  Papers, arXiv.org (2024)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann
  (ReDIF-paper, arx:papers:2401.01645)
• Government financial transfers and enterprise adjustments in Russia, with comparisons to Central and Eastern Europe
  The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1994)
  by Qimiao Fan & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, bla:etrans:v:2:y:1994:i:2:p:151-188)
• Round table on “Divestiture of social services from state‐owned enterprises”
  The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1995)
  by Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, bla:etrans:v:3:y:1995:i:2:p:247-250)
• Measuring Progress in Transition and Towards EU Accession: A Comparison of Manufacturing Firms in Poland, Romania and Spain
  Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell (2000)
  by Wendy Carlin & Saul Estrin & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, bla:jcmkts:v:38:y:2000:i:5:p:699-728)
• Using Stata For Applied Research: Reviewing Its Capabilities
  Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell (2011)
  by Christopher F. Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-article, bla:jecsur:v:25:y:2011:i:2:p:380-394)
• Instrumental variables and GMM: Estimation and testing
  North American Stata Users' Group Meetings 2003, Stata Users Group (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:asug03:05)
• OVERID: Stata module to conduct postestimation tests of overidentification
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (1999)
  by Christopher F Baum & Vince Wiggins & Steven Stillman & Mark E Schaffer & Frank Windmeijer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s396802)
• IVREG2: Stata module for extended instrumental variables/2SLS and GMM estimation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s425401)
• IVREG29: Stata module for extended instrumental variables/2SLS and GMM estimation (v9)
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2010)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s4254010)
• IVREG28: Stata module for extended instrumental variables/2SLS and GMM estimation (v8)
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2007)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s4254011)
• IVHETTEST: Stata module to perform Pagan-Hall and related heteroskedasticity tests after IV
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2002)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s428801)
• IVENDOG: Stata module to calculate Durbin-Wu-Hausman endogeneity test after ivreg
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s429401)
• IVRESET: Stata module to perform Ramsey/Pesaran-Taylor/Pagan-Hall RESET specification test after IV/GMM/OLS estimation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2005)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s455701)
• XTIVREG2: Stata module to perform extended IV/2SLS, GMM and AC/HAC, LIML and k-class regression for panel data models
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2005)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s456501)
• XTOVERID: Stata module to calculate tests of overidentifying restrictions after xtreg, xtivreg, xtivreg2, xthtaylor
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2006)
  by Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s456779)
• IVACTEST: Stata module to perform Cumby-Huizinga test for autocorrelation after IV/OLS estimation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2007)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s456841)
• RANKTEST: Stata module to test the rank of a matrix
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2007)
  by Frank Kleibergen & Mark E Schaffer & Frank Windmeijer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s456865)
• EGRANGER: Stata module to perform Engle-Granger cointegration tests and 2-step ECM estimation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2010)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457210)
• XTIVREG28: Stata module to perform extended IV/2SLS, GMM and AC/HAC, LIML and k-class regression for panel data models (version 8)
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2012)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457436)
• IVREG2H: Stata module to perform instrumental variables estimation using heteroskedasticity-based instruments
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2012)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457555)
• ACTEST: Stata module to perform Cumby-Huizinga general test for autocorrelation in time series
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2013)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457668)
• WEAKIV: Stata module to perform weak-instrument-robust tests and confidence intervals for instrumental-variable (IV) estimation of linear, probit and tobit models
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2013)
  by Keith Finlay & Leandro Magnusson & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457684)
• AVAR: Stata module to perform asymptotic covariance estimation for iid and non-iid data robust to heteroskedasticity, autocorrelation, 1- and 2-way clustering, and common cross-panel autocorrelated di
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2013)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457689)
• WEAKIV10: Stata module to perform weak-instrument-robust tests and confidence intervals for instrumental-variable (IV) estimation of linear, probit and tobit models
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2014)
  by Keith Finlay & Leandro Magnusson & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457910)
• IVREG210: Stata module for extended instrumental variables/2SLS and GMM estimation (v10)
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457955)
• GINIREG: Stata module for Gini regression
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2015)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457958)
• WHICHPKG: Stata module to display information on components of a Stata package
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2015)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s457971)
• LASSOPACK: Stata module for lasso, square-root lasso, elastic net, ridge, adaptive lasso estimation and cross-validation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2018)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s458458)
• PDSLASSO: Stata module for post-selection and post-regularization OLS or IV estimation and inference
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2018)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s458459)
• UNDERID: Stata module producing postestimation tests of under- and over-identification after linear IV estimation
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2020)
  by Mark E Schaffer & Frank Windmeijer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s458805)
• PYSTACKED: Stata module for stacking generalization and machine learning in Stata
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2022)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s459115)
• DDML: Stata module for Double/Debiased Machine Learning
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2023)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s459175)
• FVSTRIP: Stata module for removing b/n/o factor variable operators from varlists
  Statistical Software Components, Boston College Department of Economics (2023)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-software, boc:bocode:s459176)
• Instrumental variables and GMM: Estimation and testing
  Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:bocoec:545)
• Enhanced routines for instrumental variables/GMM estimation and testing
  Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics (2007)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:bocoec:667)
• Using Stata for Applied Research: Reviewing its Capabilities
  Boston College Working Papers in Economics, Boston College Department of Economics (2010)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:bocoec:764)
• Evaluating one-way and two-way cluster-robust covariance matrix estimates
  BOS10 Stata Conference, Stata Users Group (2010)
  by Christopher F Baum & Austin Nichols & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:bost10:11)
• pystacked: Stacking generalization and machine learning in Stata
  Swiss Stata Conference 2022, Stata Users Group (2022)
  by Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Achim Ahrens
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:csug22:01)
• ddml: Double/debiased machine learning in Stata
  Swiss Stata Conference 2022, Stata Users Group (2022)
  by Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann & Achim Ahrens
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:csug22:02)
• Implementing econometric estimators with Mata
  DC09 Stata Conference, Stata Users Group (2009)
  by Christopher Baum & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:dcon09:1)
• Evaluating one-way and two-way cluster–robust covariance matrix estimates
  German Stata Users' Group Meetings 2011, Stata Users Group (2011)
  by Christopher F Baum & Austin Nichols & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:dsug11:02)
• Instrumental variables estimation using heteroskedasticity-based instruments
  German Stata Users' Group Meetings 2013, Stata Users Group (2013)
  by Christopher F Baum & Arthur Lewbel & Mark E Schaffer & Oleksandr Talavera
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:dsug13:05)
• pystacked and ddml: machine learning for prediction and causal inference in Stata
  UK Stata Conference 2023, Stata Users Group (2023)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:lsug23:12)
• A general approach to testing for autocorrelation
  2013 Stata Conference, Stata Users Group (2013)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:norl13:6)
• Instrumental variables and GMM: Estimation and testing
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2003, Stata Users Group (2002)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug03:02)
• Clustered standard errors in Stata
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2007, Stata Users Group (2007)
  by Austin Nichols & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug07:07)
• Implementing econometric estimators with Mata
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2009, Stata Users Group (2009)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug09:16)
• Evaluating one-way and two-way cluster-robust covariance matrix estimates
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2010, Stata Users Group (2010)
  by Christopher F Baum & Austin Nichols & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug10:12)
• Instrumental variables estimation using heteroskedasticity-based instruments
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2012, Stata Users Group (2012)
  by Christopher F Baum & Arthur Lewbel & Mark E Schaffer & Oleksander Talavera
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug12:07)
• A general approach to testing for autocorrelation
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2013, Stata Users Group (2013)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug13:13)
• Extending Stata's capabilities for asymptotic covariance matrix estimation
  United Kingdom Stata Users' Group Meetings 2014, Stata Users Group (2014)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug14:16)
• LASSOPACK and PDSLASSO: Prediction, model selection and causal inference with regularized regression
  London Stata Conference 2018, Stata Users Group (2018)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B Hansen & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, boc:usug18:12)
• Wage determination and wage inequality inside a Russian firm in late transition: Evidence from personnel data - 1997 to 2002
  Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna (2007)
  by T. Dohmen & H. Lehmann & M. E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, bol:bodewp:606)
• Wage policies of a Russian firm and the financial crisis of 1998: Evidence from personnel data â 1997 to 2002
  Working Papers, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna (2008)
  by T. Dohmen & H. Lehmann & M. E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, bol:bodewp:628)
• A Minimum of Rivalry: Evidence from Transition Economies on the Importance of Competition for Innovation and Growth
  The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter (2004)
  by Carlin Wendy & Schaffer Mark & Seabright Paul
  (ReDIF-article, bpj:bejeap:v:contributions.3:y:2004:i:1:n:17)
• A New Method of Long-Run Growth Accounting with Applications to the Soviet Economy 1928-87 and the US Economy 1949-78
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1990)
  by Stanislaw Gomulka & M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0014)
• A Note in the Polish State-Owned Enterprise Sector in 1990
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1991)
  by M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0036)
• The Economy of Poland
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1992)
  by M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0067)
• Government Financial Transfers and Enterprise Adjustments in Russia
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1994)
  by M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0191)
• The Provision of Social Benefits in State Owned
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1995)
  by S Estrin & M Schaffer & I.J. Singh
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0223)
• Enterprise Adjustment in Poland: Evidence from a Survey of 200 Private
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1995)
  by M Belka & S Estrin & M Schaffer & I.J. Singh
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0233)
• Banks, Firms, Bad Debts and Bankruptcy in Hungary 1991-4
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1995)
  by J Bonin & M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0234)
• Job Creation and Job Destruction in a Transition Economy: Ownership
  CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (1996)
  by M Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, cep:cepdps:dp0282)
• The Business Environment in the Transition
  CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo (2012)
  by Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, ces:ceswps:_3934)
• Transition, Convergence, and Labor Market Adjustment in Prospect and in Hindsight
  ifo DICE Report, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich (2019)
  by Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, ces:ifodic:v:17:y:2019:i:03:p:09-12)
• Government Subsidies to Enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe: Budgetary Subsidies and Tax Arrears
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (1995)
  by Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:1144)
• The Capital Structure of Firms in Central and Eastern Europe
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (1996)
  by Cornelli, Francesca & Portes, Richard & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:1392)
• Competition and Enterprise Performance in Transition Economies: Evidence from a Cross-country Survey
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2001)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Fries, Steven & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:2840)
• The Determinants of Privatized Enterprise Performance in Russia
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2002)
  by Estrin, Saul & Angelucci, Manuela & Bevan, Alan & Fennema, Julian A & Kuznetsov, Boris & Mangiarotti, Giovanni & Schaffer, Mark
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:3193)
• Benchmarking Structural Change in Transition
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2003)
  by Schaffer, Mark & Raiser, Martin & Schuchhardt, Johannes
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:3820)
• A Minimum of Rivalry: Evidence from Transition Economies on the Importance of Competition for Innovation and Growth
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2004)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:4343)
• Gun Prevalence, Homicide Rates and Causality: A GMM Approach to Endogeneity Bias
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2005)
  by Schaffer, Mark & Kleck, Gary & Kovandzic, Tomislav
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:5357)
• Where Are the Real Bottlenecks? Evidence from 20,000 Firms in 60 Countries About the Shadow Costs of Constraints to Firm Perform
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2006)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:5719)
• Wage Policies of a Russian Firm and the Financial Crisis of 1998: Evidence from Personnel Data - 1997 to 2002
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2008)
  by Schaffer, Mark & Lehmann, Hartmut & Dohmen, Thomas J
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:6845)
• A Framework for Cross-Country Comparisons of Public Infrastructure Constraints on Firm Growth
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2010)
  by Seabright, Paul & Schaffer, Mark & Carlin, Wendy
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:7662)
• Soviet power plus electrification: what is the long-run legacy of communism?
  CEPR Discussion Papers, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers (2012)
  by Seabright, Paul & Schaffer, Mark & Carlin, Wendy
  (ReDIF-paper, cpr:ceprdp:9003)
• The Capital Structure of Firms in Central and Eastern Europe
  DELTA Working Papers, DELTA (Ecole normale supérieure) (1996)
  by Cornelli, F. & Portes, R. & Schaffer, M.
  (ReDIF-paper, del:abcdef:96-05)
• Wage Determination and Wage Inequality Inside a Russian Firm in Late Transition: Evidence from Personnel Data - 1997 to 2002
  ESCIRRU Working Papers, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research (2007)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, diw:diwesc:diwesc1)
• Wage Policies of a Russian Firm and the Financial Crisis of 1998: Evidence from Personnel Data - 1997 to 2002
  ESCIRRU Working Papers, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research (2008)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, diw:diwesc:diwesc4)
• Wage Policies of a Russian Firm and the Financial Crisis of 1998: Evidence from Personnel Data - 1997 to 2002
  Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research (2008)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, diw:diwwpp:dp771)
• Convergence in Institutions and Market Outcomes: Cross-Country and Time-Series Evidence from the BEEPS Surveys in Transition Economies
  Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research (2008)
  by Pradeep Mitra & Alexander Muravyev & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, diw:diwwpp:dp847)
• Measuring progress in transition and towards EU accession: a comparison of manufacturing firms in Poland, Romania and Spain
  Working Papers, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office of the Chief Economist (1999)
  by Wendy Carlin & Saul Estrin & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, ebd:wpaper:40)
• Barter and non-monetary transactions in transition economies: Evidence from a cross-country survey
  Working Papers, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office of the Chief Economist (2000)
  by Wendy Carlin & Steven Fries & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, ebd:wpaper:50)
• Effective versus statutory taxation: measuring effective tax administration in transition economies
  Working Papers, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office of the Chief Economist (2001)
  by Mark E. Schaffer & Gerard Turley
  (ReDIF-paper, ebd:wpaper:62)
• Competition and enterprise performance in transition economies: evidence from a cross-country survey
  Working Papers, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office of the Chief Economist (2001)
  by Wendy Carlin & Steven Fries & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, ebd:wpaper:63)
• Benchmarking structural change in transition
  Working Papers, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Office of the Chief Economist (2003)
  by Martin Raiser & Mark Schaffer & Johannes Schuchhardt
  (ReDIF-paper, ebd:wpaper:79)
• Economic development and the demand for energy: A historical perspective on the next 20 years
  Energy Policy, Elsevier (2012)
  by Rühl, Christof & Appleby, Paul & Fennema, Julian & Naumov, Alexander & Schaffer, Mark
  (ReDIF-article, eee:enepol:v:50:y:2012:i:c:p:109-116)
• Soviet power plus electrification: What is the long-run legacy of communism?
  Explorations in Economic History, Elsevier (2013)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-article, eee:exehis:v:50:y:2013:i:1:p:116-147)
• The credible-commitment problem in the center-enterprise relationship
  Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier (1989)
  by Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-article, eee:jcecon:v:13:y:1989:i:3:p:359-382)
• Do Firms in Transition Economies Have Soft Budget Constraints? A Reconsideration of Concepts and Evidence
  Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier (1998)
  by Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-article, eee:jcecon:v:26:y:1998:i:1:p:80-103)
• Are profit-maximisers the best survivors? : A Darwinian model of economic natural selection
  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier (1989)
  by Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-article, eee:jeborg:v:12:y:1989:i:1:p:29-45)
• Job creation and job destruction in a transition economy: Ownership, firm size, and gross job flows in Polish manufacturing 1988-1991
  Labour Economics, Elsevier (1996)
  by Konings, Jozef & Lehmann, Hartmut & Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-article, eee:labeco:v:3:y:1996:i:3:p:299-317)
• Benchmarking structural change in transition
  Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier (2004)
  by Raiser, Martin & Schaffer, Mark & Schuchhardt, Johannes
  (ReDIF-article, eee:streco:v:15:y:2004:i:1:p:47-81)
• The provision of social benefits in state-owned, privatized and private firms in Poland
  LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library (1995)
  by Estrin, Saul & Schaffer, Mark E. & Singh, Inderjit
  (ReDIF-paper, ehl:lserod:121686)
• Banks, firms, bad debts and bankruptcy in Hungary 1991-4
  LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library (1995)
  by Bonin, J. P. & Schaffer, M. E.
  (ReDIF-paper, ehl:lserod:20764)
• Enterprise adjustment in Poland: evidence from a survey of 200 private, privatised, and state-owned firms
  LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library (1995)
  by Belka, M. & Estrin, Saul & Schaffer, M. E. & Singh, I. J.
  (ReDIF-paper, ehl:lserod:20765)
• The provision of social benefits in state-owned, privatized and private firms in Poland
  LSE Research Online Documents on Economics, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library (1995)
  by Estrin, Saul & Schaffer, M. E. & Singh, I. J.
  (ReDIF-paper, ehl:lserod:20780)
• Barter and Non-Monetary Transactions in Transition Economies: Evidence from a Cross-Country Survey
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2000)
  by Wendy Carlin & Steven Fries & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0004)
• Effective versus Statutory Taxation: Measuring Effective Tax Administration in Transition Economies
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2000)
  by Mark Schaffer & Gerard Turley
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0008)
• Competition and Enterprise Performance in Transition Economies from a Cross-Country Survey
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2001)
  by Wendy Carlin & Steven Fries & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0101)
• Benchmarking Structural Change in Transition
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2003)
  by Martin Raiser & Mark Schaffer & Johannes Schuchhardt
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0301)
• The Great Transformation: Russia's Return to the World Economy
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2004)
  by Paul Hare & Mark Schaffer & Anna Shabunina
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0401)
• A Minimum of Rivalry: Evidence from Transition Economies on the Importance of Competition for Innovation and Growth
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2004)
  by Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0402)
• Productivity, Ownership and the Investment Climate: International Lessons for Priorities in Serbia
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2005)
  by Itzhak Goldberg & Branko Radulovic & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0503)
• Where are the Real Bottlenecks? A Lagrangian Approach to Identifying Constraints on Growth from Subjective Survey Data
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2006)
  by Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0604)
• Wage determination and wage inequality inside a Russian firm in late transition: Evidence from personnel data - 1997 to 2002
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2007)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0704)
• Enhanced routines for instrumental variables/GMM estimation and testing
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2007)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0706)
• Wage policies of a Russian firm and the financial crisis of 1998: Evidence from personnel data - 1997 to 2002
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2008)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0801)
• Convergence in institutions and market outcomes: Cross-country and time-series evidence from the BEEPS surveys in transition economies
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (2008)
  by Pradeep Mitra & Alexander Muravyev & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:0809)
• "Arrears" in the Russian Enterprise Sector
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1996)
  by G. Alfandari & M.E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9608)
• Firms, Banks and Credit in Russia
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1996)
  by Q. Fan & U. Lee & M.E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9609)
• The Performance of De Novo Private Firms in Russian Manufacturing
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1996)
  by A. Richter & M.E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9610)
• Job Creation and Job Destruction in a Transition Economy: Ownership, Firm Size
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1996)
  by J. Konings & H. Lehmann & M.E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9611)
• Do Firms in Transition Economies have Soft Budget Constraints? A Reconsideration of the Concepts and Evidence
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1997)
  by Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9720)
• Financial Discipline in the Enterprise Sector in Transition Countries: How Does China Compare?
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1998)
  by Shumei Gao & Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9801)
• Measuring Progress in Transition and towards EU Accession. A comparison of manufacturing firms in Poland, Romania and Spain
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1999)
  by Wendy Carlin & Saul Estrin & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9902)
• Determinants of Enterprise Performance during Transition
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1999)
  by Alan Bevan & Saul Estrin & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9903)
• Revisiting Hungary's Bankruptcy Episode
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1999)
  by John Bonin & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9906)
• Wage Determination in Russia: An Econometric Investigation
  CERT Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Heriot Watt University (1999)
  by Peter J. Luke & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, hwe:certdp:9908)
• A Minimum of Rivalry : Evidence from Transition Economies on the Importance of Competition for Innovation and Growth
  IDEI Working Papers, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse (2004)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, ide:wpaper:1782)
• Infrastructure, Competition and Innovation : New Survey Evidence from Transition
  IDEI Working Papers, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse (2003)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, ide:wpaper:1787)
• lassopack: Model Selection and Prediction with Regularized Regression in Stata
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2019)
  by Ahrens, Achim & Hansen, Christian B. & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp12081)
• Wage Determination in Russia: An Econometric Investigation
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2000)
  by Luke, Peter L. & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp143)
• ddml: Double/Debiased Machine Learning in Stata
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2023)
  by Ahrens, Achim & Hansen, Christian B. & Schaffer, Mark E & Wiemann, Thomas
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp15963)
• Model Averaging and Double Machine Learning
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2024)
  by Ahrens, Achim & Hansen, Christian B. & Schaffer, Mark E & Wiemann, Thomas
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp16714)
• Where Are the Real Bottlenecks? Evidence from 20,000 Firms in 60 Countries about the Shadow Costs of Constraints to Firm Performance
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2007)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark E & Seabright, Paul
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp3059)
• Wage Policies of a Russian Firm and the Financial Crisis of 1998: Evidence from Personnel Data – 1997 to 2002
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2008)
  by Dohmen, Thomas & Lehmann, Hartmut & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp3350)
• Estimating the Causal Effect of Gun Prevalence on Homicide Rates: A Local Average Treatment Effect Approach
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2008)
  by Kovandzic, Tomislav & Schaffer, Mark E & Kleck, Gary
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp3589)
• Convergence in Institutions and Market Outcomes: Cross-Country and Time-Series Evidence from the BEEPS Surveys in Transition Economies
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2008)
  by Mitra, Pradeep & Muravyev, Alexander & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp3863)
• Benchmarking Structural Change in Transition
  IZA Discussion Papers, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) (2003)
  by Raiser, Martin & Schaffer, Mark E & Schuchhardt, Johannes
  (ReDIF-paper, iza:izadps:dp727)
• Productivity, Employment and Labor Demand in Polish Industry in the 1980s: Some Preliminary Results from Enterprise-Level Data
  Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer (1995)
  by Lehmann, Hartmut & Schaffer, Mark E
  (ReDIF-article, kap:ecopln:v:28:y:1995:i:1:p:1-27)
• Bankok, vállalatok, rossz hitelek és csődök Magyarországon, 1991-1994
  [Banks, firms, bad debts and bankruptcies in Hungary, 1991-1994]
  Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation) (1996)
  by Bonin, John P. & Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-article, ksa:szemle:72)
• Soviet power plus electrification: what is the long-run legacy of communism?
  Working Papers, Macerata University, Department of Studies on Economic Development (DiSSE) (2012)
  by Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, mcr:wpaper:wpaper00043)
• Budget Softness and the Russian Enterprise Sector: An Econometric Study
  Working Papers, National University of Ireland Galway, Department of Economics (2002)
  by Mark E. Schaffer & Gerard Turley
  (ReDIF-paper, nig:wpaper:0067)
• The Polish State-Owned Enterprise Sector and the Recession in 1990*
  Comparative Economic Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Association for Comparative Economic Studies (1992)
  by Mark E Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, pal:compes:v:34:y:1992:i:1:p:58-85)
• Wage Policies of a Russian Firm and the Financial Crisis of 1998: Evidence from Personnel Data, 1997 to 2002
  ILR Review, Cornell University, ILR School (2014)
  by Thomas Dohmen & Hartmut F. Lehmann & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, sae:ilrrev:v:67:y:2014:i:2:p:504-531)
• Labor reallocation and firm growth: benchmarking transition countries against mature market economies
  IZA Journal of Labor & Development, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA) (2014)
  by Pradeep Mitra & Alexander Muravyev & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, spr:izaldv:v:3:y:2014:i:1:p:1-22:10.1186/2193-9020-3-13)
• lassopack: Model selection and prediction with regularized regression in Stata
  Stata Journal, StataCorp LP (2020)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, tsj:stataj:v:20:y:2020:i:1:p:176-235)
• pystacked: Stacking generalization and machine learning in Stata
  Stata Journal, StataCorp LP (2023)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-article, tsj:stataj:v:23:y:2023:i:4:p:909-931)
• ddml: Double/debiased machine learning in Stata
  Stata Journal, StataCorp LP (2024)
  by Achim Ahrens & Christian B. Hansen & Mark E. Schaffer & Thomas Wiemann
  (ReDIF-article, tsj:stataj:v:24:y:2024:i:1:p:3-45)
• Instrumental variables and GMM: Estimation and testing
  Stata Journal, StataCorp LP (2003)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-article, tsj:stataj:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:1-31)
• Enhanced routines for instrumental variables/generalized method of moments estimation and testing
  Stata Journal, StataCorp LP (2007)
  by Christopher F Baum & Mark E. Schaffer & Steven Stillman
  (ReDIF-article, tsj:stataj:v:7:y:2007:i:4:p:465-506)
• Wage policies of a Russian firm and the financial crisis of 1998: Evidence from personnel data 1997 to 2002
  Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Graduate School of Business and Economics (GSBE) (2013)
  by Dohmen, T.J. & Lehmann, H. & Schaffer, M.E.
  (ReDIF-paper, unm:umagsb:2013042)
• Wage policies of a Russian firm and the financial crisis of 1998: Evidence from personnel data - 1997-2002
  ROA Research Memorandum, Maastricht University, Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market (ROA) (2013)
  by Dohmen, T.J. & Lehmann, H. & Schaffer, M.E.
  (ReDIF-paper, unm:umaror:2013012)
• Innovation activity in South Africa: Measuring the returns to R&D
  WIDER Working Paper Series, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER) (2018)
  by Andre Steenkamp & Mark Schaffer & Wayde Flowerday & John Gabriel Goddard
  (ReDIF-paper, unu:wpaper:wp-2018-42)
• Innovation Activity in South Africa
  World Bank Publications - Reports, The World Bank Group (2018)
  by Mark Schaffer & Andre Steenkamp & Wayde Flowerday & John Gabriel Goddard
  (ReDIF-paper, wbk:wboper:30265)
• The enterprise sector and emergence of the Polish fiscal crisis, 1990-91
  Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank (1993)
  by Schaffer, Mark
  (ReDIF-paper, wbk:wbrwps:1195)
• Productivity, ownership, and the investment climate : international lessons for priorities in Serbia
  Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank (2005)
  by Goldberg, Itzhak & Radulovic, Branko & Schaffer, Mark
  (ReDIF-paper, wbk:wbrwps:3681)
• Convergence in institutions and market outcomes: cross-country and time-series evidence from the business environment and enterprise performance surveys in transition economies
  Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank (2009)
  by Mitra, Pradeep & Muravyev, Alexander & Schaffer, Mark E.
  (ReDIF-paper, wbk:wbrwps:4819)
• Understanding the business environment in South Asia : evidence from firm-level surveys
  Policy Research Working Paper Series, The World Bank (2012)
  by Carlin, Wendy & Schaffer, Mark
  (ReDIF-paper, wbk:wbrwps:6160)
• Financial Discipline in the Enterprise Sector in Transition Countries: How Does China Compare?
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (1998)
  by Shumei Gao and Mark E. Schaffer & Shumei Gao and Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:1998-124)
• Measuring Progress in Transition and Towards EU Accession: A Comparison of Manufacturing Firms in Poland, Romania, and Spain
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (1999)
  by Wendy Carlin & Saul Estrin & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:1999-224)
• Revisiting Hungary's Bankruptcy Episode
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (1999)
  by John P. Bonin & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:1999-255)
• Wage Determination in Russia: An Econometric Investigation
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2000)
  by Peter J. Luke & Mark E. Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2000-295)
• Effective versus Statutory Taxation: Measuring Effective Tax Administration in Transition Economies
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2000)
  by Mark E. Schaffer & Gerard Turley
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2000-347)
• Competition and Enterprise Performance in Transition Economies: Evidence from a Cross-country Survey
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2001)
  by Wendy Carlin & Steven Fries & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2001-376)
• The Determinants of Privatised Enterprise Performance in Russia
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2001)
  by Saul Estrin & Alan A. Bevan & Boris Kuznetsov & Mark E. Schaffer & Manuela Angelucci & Julian Fennema & Giovanni Mangiarotti
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2002-452)
• Competition, Innovation and Growth in Transition: Exploring the Interactions between Policies
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2002)
  by Philippe Aghion & Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2002-501)
• A Minimum of Rivalry: Evidence from Transition Economies on the Importance of Competition for Innovation and Growth
  William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan (2004)
  by Wendy Carlin & Mark Schaffer & Paul Seabright
  (ReDIF-paper, wdi:papers:2004-670)